This book chapter provides a comprehensive look at mGlu receptors in PD, with a particular emphasis on mGlu5, mGlu4, mGlu2, and mGlu3 receptors. In each sub-type, if necessary, we scrutinize their anatomical localization and the likely mechanisms behind their effectiveness for particular disease presentations or treatment-related issues. A synthesis of pre-clinical study and clinical trial results using pharmacological agents is presented, along with a discussion of the potential advantages and disadvantages of each specific target. To conclude, we discuss potential applications of mGluR modulators in the therapeutic approach to PD.

Direct carotid cavernous fistulas (dCCFs), which are high-flow shunts between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and cavernous sinus, are a common result of traumatic injuries. Detachable coils, often used in endovascular interventions, sometimes paired with stenting, can be the preferred treatment approach, yet coil migration or compaction can arise from the high-flow characteristics of dCCFs. Consideration of deploying a covered stent within the internal carotid artery (ICA) is an alternative approach for managing dCCFs. A case of dCCF with a tortuous intracranial ICA is presented, demonstrating successful treatment using a covered stent graft. We will now elaborate on the procedure's technical aspects. A tortuous internal carotid artery (ICA) presents significant technical complexity in the deployment of covered stents, necessitating adaptable and precise maneuvers.

Examination of studies involving older people living with HIV (OPHIV) reveals the significant contribution of social support to their resilience and ability to manage challenges. This investigation examines the coping strategies employed by OPHIV when the perceived risk of HIV status disclosure is high, and they encounter limited social support from family and friends.
A Hong Kong case study is presented in this examination of OPHIV, broadening the investigation to encompass regions outside of North America and Europe. With the assistance of Hong Kong's longest-standing nongovernmental organization addressing HIV/AIDS, 21 interviews were conducted with OPHIV.
Analysis indicated a substantial proportion withheld their HIV status, coupled with a deficiency in familial and interpersonal support networks. The OPHIV community in Hong Kong chose, instead of pursuing other strategies, the technique of downward comparison. Their comparisons were made against (1) their own prior experiences with HIV; (2) the social perception of HIV in the past; (3) the medical approaches to HIV in the past; (4) the harsh economic realities of Hong Kong's development; and (5) Eastern philosophies, religious and spiritual support, and the concept of acceptance and relinquishment.
The research concluded that in situations where OPHIV individuals perceived a high risk of HIV status disclosure and had limited social support from family and friends, they employed the psychological strategy of downward comparison to maintain a positive perspective. The findings illustrate the correlation between OPHIV's lives and the historical evolution of Hong Kong.
This study found that, in the presence of a high perceived threat of HIV status disclosure, individuals living with HIV (OPHIV) lacking sufficient social support from family and friends, resorted to downward comparison to preserve psychological well-being. OPHIV's lives are put into a historical context by the findings, relating to Hong Kong's development.

Recent years have seen the UK grapple with an unprecedented outpouring of public conversation and promotion concerning a newly emphasized understanding of the menopause. Significantly, this 'menopausal turn', as I call it, is observable in its varied expressions across intertwined cultural domains such as education, politics, medicine, retail, publishing, journalism, and more. This article examines the potential harm in equating the current, amplified cultural attention toward menopause and the corresponding push for more support resources, a hallmark of the 'menopausal turn,' with a wider notion of inclusivity. A significant shift in UK media discourse is evident in the willingness of numerous high-profile female celebrities and public figures to share their menopausal stories in detail. My intersectional feminist media studies analysis investigates the framing of menopause in the media through celebrity narratives, frequently concentrating on the experiences of affluent, White, cisgendered individuals, sometimes highlighting aspirational goals—and urge the community studying and shaping menopause portrayals to address this issue in a more intersectional manner.

Retirement can be a catalyst for considerable life changes for those who decide to retire. Men, according to research findings, encounter more difficulty than women in adapting to retirement, thus exposing them to a greater risk of losing their sense of self and purpose. This loss can potentially lead to a reduction in subjective well-being and an increased chance of depression. Retirement, though sometimes a difficult adjustment for men, driving the search for significance and purpose in their changed circumstances, necessitates further investigation into their evolving conceptions of meaning and purpose in this life phase. The objective of this study was to delve into Danish men's considerations regarding the meaning of life as they approached retirement. Newly retired men, 40 in total, were subject to in-depth interviews carried out over the period from fall 2019 to fall 2020. Recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed interviews using an abductive methodology, informed by the ongoing dialogue between empirical observations and psychological/philosophical viewpoints on the meaning of life. The retirement transition for men was analyzed through six core themes: family relationships, social networks, the routine of daily life, contributions, engagement, and the value of time. Therefore, re-engaging with a sense of belonging and actively participating in activities are central to finding meaning in the retirement transition. Through a web of relationships, a sense of collective identity, and engagement in activities that yield shared value, one may find substitutes for the previously meaningful aspects of work life. comprehensive medication management A clearer comprehension of the meaning that men find in their retirement transition can create a valuable body of knowledge that will aid efforts to support their smooth transition into retirement.

Direct Care Workers' (DCWs) approach to care and their methods of providing care significantly influence the well-being of elderly residents in institutions. Despite the emotional complexities of paid care, there's a significant gap in our knowledge regarding how Chinese Direct Care Workers (DCWs) describe their work and interpret their experiences within the context of China's expanding institutional care market and evolving cultural norms concerning long-term care. This study investigated the qualitative emotional labor of Chinese direct care workers (DCWs) within the constraints of institutional pressures and societal undervaluing at a government-funded urban nursing home in central China. AMG510 Care practice was interpreted by DCWs through the lens of Liangxin, a pervasive Chinese ethical notion encompassing feeling, thought, and action. By leveraging the four dimensions of ceyin, xiue, cirang, and shifei, they sought to effectively manage their emotions and uphold dignity in work that was frequently both personally and socially devaluing. We examined how DCWs engaged with the pain of elderly patients (ceyin xin), challenging unjust practices embedded in institutional care (xiue xin), providing care resembling family bonds (cirang xin), and formulating and upholding principles of good (versus poor) care (shifei xin). medicine beliefs Furthermore, we highlighted the intricate influence of the cultural values of xiao (filial piety) and liangxin, which jointly sculpted the emotional environment within the institutional care setting and affected how DCWs performed emotional labor. Despite the effect of liangxin in motivating DCWs to furnish relational care and adapt their role, the possibility of overburdening and exploiting those DCWs who depended solely on their liangxin for tackling complex care requirements was something we had to consider.

Challenges encountered in the practical application of formal ethical requirements in a northern Danish nursing home are explored in this article, using ethnographic fieldwork. A critical aspect of our research, concerning vulnerable participants with cognitive impairments, is the union of procedural ethics and lived experiences. The article spotlights a resident who sought to vocalize her perception of inadequate care, but was ultimately deterred by the lengthy, convoluted consent form. The resident feared the researcher, apprehensive that her words, if used improperly, could jeopardize her well-being and care plan. Caught between a rock and a hard place, she felt the powerful pull of expressing her story, yet the paper in her hand held the threat of triggering her anxiety and depression. This article, therefore, uses the consent form as a representative, or agent. Careful consideration of the unanticipated effects of the consent form compels us to address the intricacies of ethical research practices. We ultimately propose an expanded definition of appropriate informed consent, one that better reflects the realities of participants' everyday lives.

A positive influence on later-life well-being is exerted by social interaction and physical movement incorporated into everyday activities. For elderly individuals choosing to age in place, a significant portion of their activities occur within their own dwellings, yet most studies concentrate on activities taking place outside their homes. Social and physical activities are demonstrably impacted by gender, an aspect that is understudied in the context of aging in place. We are committed to addressing these shortcomings by gaining a clearer view of indoor activities among seniors, paying special attention to gender-related variations in social participation and physical mobility.