All five strains were implicated in the hypersensitive response displayed by the tobacco leaves. Analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of the isolated strains, amplified and sequenced using primers 27F and 1492R (Lane 1991), indicated that all five strains possessed identical genetic sequences, as documented by GenBank accession number. GenBank accession number OQ053015 corresponds to Robbsia andropogonis LMG 2129T, previously known as Burkholderia andropogonis and Pseudomonas andropogonis. A 1393/1393 base pair fragment, specifically NR104960, was observed and evaluated. A further examination of BA1 through BA5 DNA samples, utilizing species-specific pathogen primers Pf (5'-AAGTCGAACGGTAACAGGGA-3') and Pr (5'-AAAGGATATTAGCCCTCGCC-3'; Bagsic et al. 1995), successfully amplified the anticipated 410-base pair amplicon in each of the five samples, and the PCR product sequences perfectly aligned with the 16S rDNA sequences of BA1 through BA5. Arginine dihydrolase and oxidase activity were absent in strains BA1 through BA5, and growth at 40°C was also unsuccessful, mirroring the characteristics outlined for R. andropogonis (Schaad et al., 2001). The isolated bacteria's pathogenicity was ascertained by employing spray inoculation. The assay utilized three strains, namely BA1, BA2, and BA3, as representatives. From nutrient agar plates, bacterial colonies were collected, subsequently suspended in 10 mM MgCl2 along with 0.02% Silwet L-77. The suspensions' colony-forming unit densities were fine-tuned to achieve a level of 44 to 58 x 10⁸ per milliliter. Suspensions were applied to three-month-old bougainvillea plants that had been propagated from cuttings, to allow for runoff. Bacteria-free solutions were used to treat the controls. Three plants were utilized for each treatment group and the control groups. For three days, the plants, contained within bags, resided in a growth chamber maintained at 27/25 degrees Celsius (day/night) and a photoperiod of 14 hours. Twenty days after inoculation, brown, necrotic lesions, similar to those seen in the sampled area, were present on all treated plants, but not on the untreated controls. Each treatment group yielded a single re-isolated strain, all of which exhibited identical colony morphology and 16S rDNA sequences to BA1 through BA5. PCR testing, employing Pf and Pr, was performed on these re-isolated strains, and the anticipated amplicon was obtained. The first formal report on R. andropogonis harming bougainvilleas in Taiwan is presented. Previous research has revealed a pathogen as the cause of diseases in betel palm (Areca catechu), corn, and sorghum crops, impacting Taiwan's economy (Hsu et al., 1991; Hseu et al., 2007; Lisowicz, 2000; Navi et al., 2002). In this way, bougainvillea plants afflicted by these illnesses might serve as a reservoir for inoculum.

Carneiro et al. (2014) characterized the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci, a species initially isolated from Brazil, Chile, and Iran, which displays its parasitic activity on a diverse range of crops. The reported observations expanded to include Slovenia, Italy, Greece, Portugal, Turkey, and Guatemala, as detailed in the review by Geric Stare et al. (2017). Given its broad host range, affecting numerous higher plants, including monocots and dicots, as well as herbaceous and woody species, it is categorized as a highly damaging pest. This species is now flagged on the European Plant Protection Organisation's harmful organisms alert list. European agricultural production, encompassing greenhouse and field settings, has witnessed the detection of M. luci, as detailed in the review by Geric Stare et al. (2017). Furthermore, M. luci has demonstrated its ability to endure the winter in outdoor settings, adapting to both continental and sub-Mediterranean climates, as documented by Strajnar et al. (2011). An official quarantine survey in August 2021, encompassing Serbia's Vojvodina Province, highlighted substantial yellowing and remarkable root galls on Diva F1 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants in a greenhouse located in the village of Lugovo, near Sombor (43°04'32.562″N 19°00'8.55168″E), with the cause suspected to be an unidentified species of Meloidogyne (Figure 1). A key component of a successful pest management program is accurate identification, which necessitated identifying the nematode species in the next stage. Freshly isolated females underwent morphological characterization, revealing perineal patterns consistent with M. incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949. The dorsal arch, rounded to moderately high, presented a shape that was either oval or squarish, without shoulders. A continuous and sinuous character defined the dorsal striae. MSU-42011 mw The ventral striae exhibited smoothness, in marked contrast to the poorly demarcated lateral lines. There were no striae in the perivulval region, as highlighted in Figure 2. The robust female stylet featured well-developed knobs, and its cone exhibited a slight dorsal curve. Although morphological traits manifested a high degree of variation, the suspected identity of the nematode was M. luci, as indicated by its comparative resemblance to the original description of M. luci, and populations from Slovenia, Greece, and Turkey. Microscopes By way of subsequent species-specific PCR and sequence analysis, identification was confirmed. Based on two PCR reactions outlined by Geric Stare et al. (2019) (Figs. 3 and 4), the nematode was assigned to the tropical RKN and the M. ethiopica groups. Confirmation of identification relied upon species-specific PCR targeting M. luci, as detailed by Maleita et al. (2021), yielding a 770 bp band (Figure 5). Sequence analyses provided further confirmation of the identification. Primers C2F3 and 1108 (Powers and Harris 1993) were used to amplify the mtDNA region, which was then cloned and sequenced (accession number.). Here's the JSON format demanded: list[sentence] In comparison to other Meloidogyne species, OQ211107 was analyzed. Understanding the intricacies of biological systems necessitates the thorough analysis of GenBank sequences. A 100% identical sequence was identified, matching an unidentified Meloidogyne sp. found in Serbia. Subsequent sequences, including those of M. luci from Slovenia, Greece, and Iran, show 99.94% sequence similarity. All *M. luci* sequences, notably the Serbian one, are grouped together in a single clade on the phylogenetic tree. Infected tomato root egg masses were utilized to cultivate nematodes in a greenhouse setting, subsequently inducing typical root galls on the Maraton tomato variety. Field evaluation of RKN infestations, using a scoring scheme (1-10) as described by Zeck (1971), revealed a galling index of 4-5 at the 110-day post-inoculation mark. Optimal medical therapy As far as we know, this represents the first documented sighting of M. luci in the Serbian territory. The authors believe that, in the future, climate change and increased temperatures will probably cause a significantly more widespread dispersal and a greater degree of damage to various agricultural crops in the fields that are cultivated by M. luci. The national RKN surveillance program in Serbia endured both the year 2022 and 2023, continuing its crucial work. A program to manage and contain the detrimental effects of M. luci will be put in place in Serbia during 2023. Financial support for this work originated from the Serbian Plant Protection Directorate of MAFWM's 2021 Plant Health Program, the Slovenian Research Agency's Agrobiodiversity Research Program (P4-0072), and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food of the Republic of Slovenia's plant protection expert work under project C2337.

The Asteraceae family includes Lactuca sativa, commonly known as lettuce, a leafy vegetable. Its cultivation and consumption are prevalent across the globe. Lettuce plants, variety —–, flourished during the month of May 2022. Soft rot was observed in greenhouses of Fuhai District, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, at the location specified by 25°18′N, 103°6′E. In three greenhouses, each spanning 0.3 hectares, disease incidence exhibited a range of 10% to 15%. Symptoms of brown, water-soaked deterioration were present on the lower portions of the outer leaves, contrasting with the asymptomatic condition of the roots. Lettuce leaves, susceptible to Sclerotinia species, can experience a soft decay, often referred to as lettuce drop, presenting symptoms that, in part, mimic those of bacterial soft rot, as noted by Subbarao (1998). The presence of neither white mycelium nor black sclerotia on the leaf surfaces of the ailing plants indicated that the disease was not caused by Sclerotinia species. It's more probable that bacterial pathogens were responsible instead. Pathogens were isolated from the leaf tissues of six plants, part of a diseased sample of fourteen plants from three greenhouses. Leaf material was divided into small, approximate pieces. Measuring five centimeters in length. Sterilization of the surfaces of the pieces was accomplished by dipping in 75% ethanol for 60 seconds, and this was then followed by the removal of the ethanol with three rinses in sterile distilled water. 250 liters of 0.9% saline, contained within 2 mL microcentrifuge tubes, gently enveloped the tissues, which were then pressed down by grinding pestles for 10 seconds. Twenty minutes elapsed while the tubes remained motionless. Luria-Bertani (LB) plates were seeded with 20-liter aliquots of 100-fold diluted tissue suspensions and were placed in an incubator at 28°C for 24 hours. Five times of restreaking was performed on three colonies picked from each LB plate to maintain purity. Following purification, a total of eighteen strains were obtained. Nine of these strains were identified via 16S rDNA sequencing using the universal primer pair 27F/1492R (Weisburg et al., 1991). Of the nine strains, a portion of six (6/9) were found to be part of the Pectobacterium genus (OP968950-OP968952, OQ568892- OQ568894), two (2/9) strains were classified as belonging to the Pantoea genus (OQ568895 and OQ568896), and one strain (1/9) represented the Pseudomonas species. The following JSON schema comprises a list of sentences. Given the identical 16S ribosomal DNA sequence across all examined Pectobacterium strains, CM22112 (OP968950), CM22113 (OP968951), and CM22132 (OP968952) were selected for further study.